利(li)用(yong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面活(huo)性劑的潤濕、滲透(tou)作用(yong)來清(qing)除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)垢(gou)。當洗(xi)滌(di)劑與塵(chen)(chen)垢(gou)及物體表(biao)(biao)(biao)面接觸之后，首先降低了(le)這(zhe)些表(biao)(biao)(biao)面的表(biao)(biao)(biao)面張力，然后向物體及塵(chen)(chen)垢(gou)相接觸的吸附(fu)界(jie)面內滲透(tou)，降低塵(chen)(chen)垢(gou)與表(biao)(biao)(biao)面之間的結(jie)合(he)力。為了(le)把塵(chen)(chen)埃顆粒從表(biao)(biao)(biao)面上清(qing)除(chu)(chu)掉，常需(xu)加上沖、刷、噴等機(ji)械(xie)力作用(yong)，在表(biao)(biao)(biao)面活(huo)性劑的潤濕、滲透(tou)作用(yong)下再結(jie)合(he)機(ji)械(xie)外力作用(yong)使塵(chen)(chen)垢(gou)脫離物體表(biao)(biao)(biao)面被清(qing)除(chu)(chu)。

當塵(chen)垢中(zhong)(zhong)含有(you)(you)少量油污時，可在(zai)(zai)表(biao)面活性劑(ji)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液中(zhong)(zhong)加人少量有(you)(you)機(ji)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)，以形成水包(bao)油乳狀液，從而加速和加強對(dui)塵(chen)垢中(zhong)(zhong)油污的溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解。有(you)(you)機(ji)高聚物(wu)涂(tu)層(ceng)在(zai)(zai)受到光照(特別是(shi)紫外線照射)作用(yong)下會發生老化(hua)(hua)(hua)、粉化(hua)(hua)(hua)；被化(hua)(hua)(hua)學物(wu)質(zhi)侵蝕會使涂(tu)層(ceng)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)脹或溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解、脆化(hua)(hua)(hua)；高溫作用(yong)會使涂(tu)層(ceng)軟化(hua)(hua)(hua)、龜裂(lie)、熔化(hua)(hua)(hua)；機(ji)械(xie)損(sun)傷會使涂(tu)層(ceng)破裂(lie)。